Middle Ages

4.1 - Analyze impacts of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

Slavery, disease, inflation, and many other factors impacted the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The vikings were strong and uncaring, but had very nice ships called longboats. 

I believe i'm at a level 1. 

4.2 - Examine the Feudal System and Roman Catholic Church in medieval Europe


4.3 - Analyze causes and consequences of the Crusades

Augustus

Augustus Caesar (Octavian) 

Background 

• Born in Rome, Italy On September 23, 63 BC
• Reigned in Rome from 27 BC- 14 AD
• Became leader at the age of 18 after his uncle was assassinated
• Gave up all his military power in 27 BC
• Parents were Gaius Octavius and Atia Balba Caesonia
• Had 3 wives; Clodia Pulchra (42 BC- 40 BC), Scribonia (40 BC- 38 BC), and Livia (37 BC- 14 AD)
• Had one biological child (With Scribonia) named Julia, and four adopted children named Tiberius, Gaius, Agrippa, and Lucius
• Died on August 19, 14 AD of illness

Achievements

• 44 BC: Octavian is named as the heir of Rome (First Roman Emperor)
• Defeated Cleopatra and Antony at the battle of Actium in 31 BC
• Appointed Senator and propraetor
• Revised the membership of the Senate
• Elected Consul at the age of 19
• Formed the second Triumvirate
• Expanded the borders of the Empire
• Rebuilt Rome into a city of marble

Cause of Death

• Augustus died as a result of old age and failing health

Historical Significance

Spartacus

WHO was Spartacus? 

A gladiator, a barbarian and a slave. He's from Thrace (N. of Greece), Born around 100 BC, 

WHAT did he do?

He broke out of the Gladiatorial grounds (Spartacus and 70+ others), they then took refuge on Mt. Vesuvius. Spartacus attacks the camp from behind (he won). He changed slaves into soldiers (Metapontum). They went into war with the Romans, and defeated them. They got all the Romans weapons and wealth. Spartacus wanted to march to Sicily, where a large amount of grain was found. Pirates were going to help them out by bringing them across the river, but they never showed up. 6,000-10,000 of Spartacus' men died. He ran out of options and decided he could either fight or die. Spartacus was now outnumbered by the Romans, and Spartacus was captive to their wishes. The Romans defeated Spartacus and his soldiers, and took back all their weapons. 

WHY did he do it?

Spartacus wants freedom, so he marched form the south to the north (to Sicily) to try and leave, but then began traveling back south with his soldiers after the pirates that were going to help them, never showed up. 

WHEN did it happen?

Big revolt (73-71 BC) 

WHERE did it happen?

All over Italy

HOW did it end?

Spartacus continued to fight after his army fled, but was defeated by the Romans. 

WAS HE A HERO OR A VILLAIN?
He was a hero to his army, but a villain to the Romans. I think he was a hero for helping slaves escape from the school and training them to become soldiers all by himself. 

Roman Culture

FOOD

The most basic items that the Romans had in their meals consisted of barley, olive oil, and wine. The poor people often ate this, or porridge made out of grains. Porridge between the poor and rich was different. Fresh cheese, honey, eggs, barley, and barley wheat or oats made up the rich peoples porridge while the poor just had plain porridge made out of wheat, water, and milk. Rich people were luckier and had more options, one of them being meat. They had beef, pork, poultry, fowl, lamb, and fish. Although they had all this delicious food, they didn't even care what it tasted like. The more exotic the food was, the better. Rome was influenced by other cultures, and only had three meals a day. The first one, ientaculum, was followed by a light lunch (prandium), and finally a light supper (vasperna) and dinner (Coena- main course). During dinner, there are three courses. Gusatio, the first course, was very elaborate and usually consisted of eggs as an appetizer. Primae Minsae, the main course, included meat. Birds were a lovely choice, especially peacock because of how expensive it was. Sauces were included in most, if not all of their dishes. Last but certainly not least, dessert (secundae mensae). Fresh fruit, nuts and baked goods were served. Cheesecake and tarts were popular. 

Early Conquests of the Roman Republic

1. Who was Rome's enemy? (Describe the group of people and important leaders) 
2. Why did it start? Rome wants to expand their territory. First Samnite War: In Capua, the Campani people gave Rome their land rather than have it fall into the hands of invaders (Samnites). Rome had already negotiated a peace treaty with the Samnites, so the Romans sent emissaries to tell the Samnites that Capua was under Romes protection. This caused war to break out. Rome won after two years of fighting. Latin War: The Latins were threatened by Romes growing power. 
3. Where and when did the wars take place?In Capua; First Samnite war (343-341 BCE), Latin War (340-338 BCE), second Samnite war (326-304 BCE), Third Samnite war (298- 290 BCE), The Pyrrhic war (280-275 BCE),
4. How was geography a factor?
5. What key events took place? (2-3) Treaty of Cassius
6. How was technology a factor?
7. What tactics or strategies were used?
8. How did the end result impact both sides?

http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/27893552

From Monarchy to Republic

What is a republic, and when, how, and why did Rome turn into one?

A republic is a form of government in which the affairs of a state are public, not private among the rulers. Between 509 and 510 B.C.E. Rome became a republic. This happened when Sextus, the son of Superbus, raped a noble woman name Lucrettia. She commited suicide shortly after this incident occured because she was ashamed. Her family members were enraged about this, and sent an army to Rome to get rid of Superbus and Sextus. They fled. Superbus survived and made it away safely; however, Sextus was murdered. Both Brutus and Collatinus were elected to be the first consults of Rome. 

In the Beginning

Rome was founded in 753 BC along the Tiber River. Romulus and Remus, who were twins born from Rhea Silvia, were abandoned by the Tiber River to die because they were a potential threat to the king. "She-wolf" found them while getting a drink, and took care of them until they were found which led to the discovery of Rome. Romulus and Remus were both eligible to rule; however, Remus was killed by his brother, leaving Romulus to lead.
In early Rome, they had many problems. One of these was that they had no women, which meant there would be no children for future generations. They threw a party, and the Roman men then began to steal the women.

Geography of Rome

Rome would have been a good place because it was on top seven hills, which made it easy to defend themselves. Also, the Tiber River was near them, so they were able to trade easily and were protected.

The Italian Peninsula would have been good to begin an empire because they were surrounded by water and plenty of mountains which provided protection against invaders.

Rome Pretest

My personal learning goal is to learn about the Romans art such as who got to do art, what types of art do they do, and when did they make art?

1. When, where and how was Rome founded? Rome was founded in the 8th century BC
2. How was the government of the Roman Republic organized? The government was a 
3. When and how did the Republic turn into an Empire? Julius Ceaser was killed, and then another ruler came into power. 
4. How was the government of the Empire organized? Not very organized. There were many emperors. 
5. When, where, why, and how did the Romans expand?The Romans expanded throughout 
6. What are Rome's greatest architectural and technological developments?
7. What was important in Roman culture? I think that their religion was important to them.
8. Who were important Roman leaders? Julius Ceaser, i don't remember the names of the other leaders.
9. What caused the collapse of the Roman Empire?
10. How did Rome alter history?
11. How does Rome affect us today?
12. What lessons can be learned from Roman history?

Primary Source Analysis: History of the Peloponnesian War

Thucydides, a wealthy Athenian General, survived through the Peloponnesian War and wrote about it. The Peloponnesian War was caused by Athens and Sparta both trying to gain power. They had worked together to defeat the Persian invasion but Greece was just too small for them both to stay in. During this war, the Athenian leader Pericles, decided to build a wall from Piraeus and Athens, to act like an island. This seemed like a good idea to stay away from the Spartans; however, the close-quarters of the Athenian people caused sickness. A plague broke out, killing over 30,000 people, including Pericles. Athens fought for another 27 years, before they were destroyed at Aegospotami.

Peloponnesian War

Greco-Persian Wars

In 499 BC, a great war broke out between the Greek city-states. Darius sent a large army of foot soldiers and calvary across the Aegean Sea by boat to Greece, where they assembled on the plain of Marathon. The Athenians stretched out and surrounded the Persians. King Darius tricked the Persian army by sending a runner to Sparta. The Athenian army won this war. Ten years later, Xerxes, the Persian kings son, organized an attack on Greece with more than 180,000 soldiers. Sparta and Athens decided to work together after seeing that many city-states were overwhelmed. The Spartan soldiers stood by the Thermapylae. All the Persian soldiers that went through this pass died. Most city-states were left defenseless, and Athens was burned to the ground. The Greek fleet defeated the Persian Army in Salamis. The war ended in Plataea, where the Greeks once again, defeated the Persians. 

King Darius

Persian War